4.4. Configurer l'environnement

Configurez un bon environnement de travail en créant deux nouveaux fichiers de démarrage pour le shell bash. En étant connecté en tant qu'utilisateur lfs, lancez la commande suivante pour créer un nouveau .bash_profile :

cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash
EOF

When logged on as user lfs, or when switched to the lfs user using an su command with the « - » option, the initial shell is a login shell which reads the /etc/profile of the host (probably containing some settings and environment variables) and then .bash_profile. The exec env -i.../bin/bash command in the .bash_profile file replaces the running shell with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for the HOME, TERM, and PS1 variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment.

The new instance of the shell is a non-login shell, which does not read, and execute, the contents of the /etc/profile or .bash_profile files, but rather reads, and executes, the .bashrc file instead. Create the .bashrc file now:

cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE
EOF

Voici la signification des paramètres dans .bashrc

set +h

The set +h command turns off bash's hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful feature—bash uses a hash table to remember the full path to executable files to avoid searching the PATH time and again to find the same executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon as they are installed. Switching off the hash function forces the shell to search the PATH whenever a program is to be run. As such, the shell will find the newly compiled tools in $LFS/tools/bin as soon as they are available without remembering a previous version of the same program provided by the host distro, in /usr/bin or /bin.

umask 022

Configurer le masque de création de fichier (umask) à 022 nous assure que les nouveaux fichiers et répertoires créés sont modifiables uniquement par leurs propriétaires mais lisibles et exécutables par tout le monde (en supposant que l'appel système open(2) utilise les modes par défaut, les nouveaux fichiers finiront avec les droits 644 et les répertoires avec les droits 755).

LFS=/mnt/lfs

La variable LFS devrait être configurée avec le point de montage choisi.

LC_ALL=POSIX

The LC_ALL variable controls the localization of certain programs, making their messages follow the conventions of a specified country. Setting LC_ALL to « POSIX » or « C » (the two are equivalent) ensures that everything will work as expected in the cross-compilation environment.

LFS_TGT=(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu

The LFS_TGT variable sets a non-default, but compatible machine description for use when building our cross-compiler and linker and when cross-compiling our temporary toolchain. More information is provided by Notes techniques sur la chaîne d'outils.

PATH=/usr/bin

Many modern Linux distributions have merged /bin and /usr/bin. When this is the case, the standard PATH variable should be set to /usr/bin/ for the Chapitre 6 environment. When this is not the case, the following line adds /bin to the path.

if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi

If /bin is not a symbolic link, it must be added to the PATH variable.

PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH

By putting $LFS/tools/bin ahead of the standard PATH, the cross-compiler installed at the beginning of Chapitre 5 is picked up by the shell immediately after its installation. This, combined with turning off hashing, limits the risk that the compiler from the host is used instead of the cross-compiler.

CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site

Dans le Chapitre 5 et le Chapitre 6, si cette variable n'est pas initialisée, les scripts configure peuvent essayer de charger des bouts de configuration de certaines distributions dans /usr/share/config.site sur le système hôte. Changer ce chemin permet d'éviter une contamination potentielle par l'hôte.

export ...

While the preceding commands have set some variables, in order to make them visible within any sub-shells, we export them.

[Important]

Important

Several commercial distributions add an undocumented instantiation of /etc/bash.bashrc to the initialization of bash. This file has the potential to modify the lfs user's environment in ways that can affect the building of critical LFS packages. To make sure the lfs user's environment is clean, check for the presence of /etc/bash.bashrc and, if present, move it out of the way. As the root user, run:

[ ! -e /etc/bash.bashrc ] || mv -v /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc.NOUSE

When the lfs user is no longer needed (at the beginning of Chapitre 7), you may safely restore /etc/bash.bashrc (if desired).

Remarquez que le paquet Bash de LFS que nous construisons dans la Section 8.34, « Bash-5.2 » n'est pas configuré pour charger ou exécuter /etc/bash.bashrc, donc ce fichier est inutile sur un système LFS.

Finally, to ensure the environment is fully prepared for building the temporary tools, force the bash shell to read the new user profile:

source ~/.bash_profile